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Biological control is recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally put in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Additionally in China, ducks were used in paddy fields to consume insects, as illustrated in ancient cave art. In 1762, an Indian mynah was introduced to Mauritius to control locusts, and about precisely the same period, citrus trees in Burma were connected with bamboos to allow ants to pass between them and assist control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a way of controlling pests like insects and fleas by using different organisms.8 It depends on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but normally also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest which are bred in the lab and released into the environment.
Ideally, the released organism will breed and survive, and provide long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For example: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium that infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water sources.10
Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques in addition to simple equipment and apparatus, that provides a protective barrier between plants and insects. This can be known as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control in addition to being useful for pest control; wireworms, the creatures of the common click beetle, are very harmful pests of newly ploughed grassland, and repeated cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators which feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help control insects by depriving them of their host plants. It is an important tactic in the control of corn rootworm, and has reduced early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by up to 95 percent.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant which attracts insects, diverting them from nearby plants.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be more easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.14 However, trap-cropping, on its own, has often neglected to cost effectively reduce insect densities on big commercial scales, without the use of pesticides, possibly as a result of pests' ability to spread back into the main area.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to right here control insects. However, successful control by pesticides is not easy; the right formulation must be chosen, the timing is often crucial, the procedure of application is important, adequate coverage and retention on the crop are necessary.
This is very important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of insects and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and such co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the plants are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where innovative farmers are using fertilisers to develop enhanced crop varieties, these are often more vulnerable to insect damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides might be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The effectiveness of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. That is because any organism which manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain will be developed. In this way, a number of the very serious pests have developed resistance and are no longer killed by pesticides that used to kill their ancestors.
